--- title: "[筆記] 用zfs的snapshot 快照功能來做 postgresql 的備份還原 / Postgresql Backup Restore Using Zfs Snapshot" date: 2019-09-06T10:42:11+08:00 noSummary: false image: "https://h.cowbay.org/images/post-default-5.jpg" categories: ['筆記'] tags: ['postgresql','zfs','backup','restore'] author: "Eric Chang" keywords: - postgresql - zfs - backup - restore --- 前面測試了用pgbarman / pgbackrest 來備份 postgresql 這次改從system file level 來下手 採用zfs 的快照來備份、還原postgresql 資料庫 ### 建立測試資料庫、TABLE、snapshot #### 資料庫現況 只有系統預設的DB,沒有其他多的東西 ``` postgres@hqdc034:~$ psql -c '\l' List of databases Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges -----------+----------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------------- postgres | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | template0 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres + | | | | | postgres=CTc/postgres template1 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres + | | | | | postgres=CTc/postgres (3 rows) postgres@hqdc034:~$ du -sh /zp/database/10/main/ 232M /zp/database/10/main/ ``` #### 建立第一次的快照 ``` 2019-09-06 09:03:46 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs list -t snapshot no datasets available 2019-09-06 09:03:53 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs snapshot zp/database@init_db_no_demo 2019-09-06 09:04:09 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs list -t snapshot NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zp/database@init_db_no_demo 0 - 231M - 2019-09-06 09:04:15 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ ``` #### 建立、倒回測試資料庫 demo ``` postgres@hqdc034:~$ createdb demo postgres@hqdc034:~$ psql demo < /home/changch/Downloads/demo.sql SET SET 略... ``` 再檢查一次資料庫的狀況,看到 demo DB出現了,資料庫目錄也變大了 ``` postgres@hqdc034:~$ psql -c '\l' List of databases Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges -----------+----------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------------- demo | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | postgres | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | template0 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres + | | | | | postgres=CTc/postgres template1 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres + | | | | | postgres=CTc/postgres (4 rows) postgres@hqdc034:~$ du -sh /zp/database/10/main/ 2.1G /zp/database/10/main/ postgres@hqdc034:~$ ``` #### 建立第二次快照 這次的快照,將包含剛剛倒回的 demo DB,但是不包含等下才要建立的測試 table ``` 2019-09-06 09:16:01 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs list -t snapshot NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zp/database@init_db_no_demo 250K - 231M - zp/database@demo_db_just_restore 0 - 2.08G - 2019-09-06 09:16:04 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ ``` #### 建立測試 table ``` postgres@hqdc034:~$ psql -c 'create table test ( a int, b varchar(50) );' CREATE TABLE postgres@hqdc034:~$ ``` #### 建立第三次快照 這次快照,只有建立 test table ,但是裡面沒有資料 ``` 2019-09-06 09:18:34 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs list -t snapshot NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zp/database@init_db_no_demo 250K - 231M - zp/database@demo_db_just_restore 138K - 2.08G - zp/database@demo_db_create_test_table_but_no_data 0 - 2.08G - 2019-09-06 09:18:36 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ ``` #### 在test table 插入100萬筆資料 ``` postgres@hqdc034:~$ psql -c 'with aa as ( select * from generate_series (1,1000000) a ) insert into test select aa.a, md5(aa.a::varchar) from aa;' INSERT 0 1000000 postgres@hqdc034:~$ psql -c 'select count(*) from test;' count --------- 1000000 (1 row) postgres@hqdc034:~$ ``` #### 建立第四次快照 test table 內有 1000000 筆資料 ``` 2019-09-06 09:18:36 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs snapshot zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_1M_rows 2019-09-06 09:21:08 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs list -t snapshot NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zp/database@init_db_no_demo 250K - 231M - zp/database@demo_db_just_restore 138K - 2.08G - zp/database@demo_db_create_test_table_but_no_data 116K - 2.08G - zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_1M_rows 0 - 2.15G - 2019-09-06 09:21:09 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ ``` #### 再次插入 100萬筆資料 ``` postgres@hqdc034:~$ time psql -c 'with aa as ( select * from generate_series (1,1000000) a ) insert into test select aa.a, md5(aa.a::varchar) from aa;' INSERT 0 1000000 real 0m4.276s user 0m0.020s sys 0m0.012s postgres@hqdc034:~$ psql -c 'select count(*) from test;' count --------- 2000000 (1 row) postgres@hqdc034:~$ ``` #### 建立第五次快照 現在 test table 有 200萬筆資料了 ``` 2019-09-06 09:21:09 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs snapshot zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_2M_rows 2019-09-06 09:22:29 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs list -t snapshot NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zp/database@init_db_no_demo 250K - 231M - zp/database@demo_db_just_restore 138K - 2.08G - zp/database@demo_db_create_test_table_but_no_data 116K - 2.08G - zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_1M_rows 218K - 2.15G - zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_2M_rows 0 - 2.23G - 2019-09-06 09:22:30 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ ``` #### 玩大點,直接湊滿1000萬筆資料好了 ``` postgres@hqdc034:~$ time psql -c 'with aa as ( select * from generate_series (1,8000000) a ) insert into test select aa.a, md5(aa.a::varchar) from aa;' INSERT 0 8000000 real 0m32.172s user 0m0.024s sys 0m0.008s postgres@hqdc034:~$ psql -c 'select count(*) from test;' count ---------- 10000000 (1 row) postgres@hqdc034:~$ ``` #### 建立第六次快照 10M rows in test table ``` 2019-09-06 09:22:30 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs snapshot zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_10M_rows 2019-09-06 09:25:18 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs list -t snapshot NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zp/database@init_db_no_demo 250K - 231M - zp/database@demo_db_just_restore 138K - 2.08G - zp/database@demo_db_create_test_table_but_no_data 116K - 2.08G - zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_1M_rows 218K - 2.15G - zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_2M_rows 530K - 2.23G - zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_10M_rows 163K - 2.97G - 2019-09-06 09:25:21 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ ``` 到1000萬筆資料為止,現在資料庫大小是這樣 ``` postgres@hqdc034:~$ du -sh /zp/database/10/main/ 3.0G /zp/database/10/main/ postgres@hqdc034:~$ ``` *** ### 還原測試 最後一次做快照的時候,demo DB 裡面有一千萬筆資料,現在來砍掉500萬筆 ``` postgres@hqdc034:~$ time psql -c 'delete from test where a > 5000000;' DELETE 3000000 real 0m7.844s user 0m0.024s sys 0m0.004s postgres@hqdc034:~$ time psql -c 'select count(*) from test;' count --------- 7000000 (1 row) real 0m0.268s user 0m0.024s sys 0m0.004s postgres@hqdc034:~$ ``` 咦,怪怪的,為什麼只有砍掉300萬筆? 好,這邊先不管,等等正好來驗證restore的狀況 假設剛剛這個刪除是錯誤的動作,我要回到1000萬資料的狀態,就可以用zfs rollback 來達成 #### 第一次還原 目標是還原到包含1000萬筆資料的狀態(現在是700萬筆) ``` 2019-09-06 09:25:21 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo service postgresql stop * Stopping PostgreSQL 10 database server [ OK ] 2019-09-06 10:14:12 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs rollback -r zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_10M_rows 2019-09-06 10:14:28 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo service postgresql start * Starting PostgreSQL 10 database server [ OK ] 2019-09-06 10:14:57 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ ``` 檢查一下 ``` postgres@hqdc034:~$ time psql -c 'select count(*) from test;' count ---------- 10000000 (1 row) real 0m5.019s user 0m0.040s sys 0m0.008s postgres@hqdc034:~$ ``` 沒錯,又回到1000萬筆資料的狀態了 要注意的是,如果回到更之前的狀態,在該狀態之後的快照將會被清除,除非你先做clone 比如我現在要回到 200萬筆的狀態,那1000萬筆資料的快照就會被刪除 ``` 2019-09-06 10:17:32 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo service postgresql stop * Stopping PostgreSQL 10 database server [ OK ] 2019-09-06 10:18:50 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs rollback -r zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_2M_rows 2019-09-06 10:18:57 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs list -t snapshot NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zp/database@init_db_no_demo 250K - 231M - zp/database@demo_db_just_restore 138K - 2.08G - zp/database@demo_db_create_test_table_but_no_data 116K - 2.08G - zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_1M_rows 218K - 2.15G - zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_2M_rows 0 - 2.23G - 2019-09-06 10:19:04 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo service postgresql start * Starting PostgreSQL 10 database server [ OK ] 2019-09-06 10:19:17 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ postgres@hqdc034:~$ time psql -c 'select count(*) from test;' count --------- 2000000 (1 row) real 0m0.175s user 0m0.024s sys 0m0.008s postgres@hqdc034:~$ ``` 啊,我剛剛應該先clone的.... 沒關係,我們再做一次,新增800萬筆資料,湊齊1000萬筆,然後快照 ``` postgres@hqdc034:~$ time psql -c 'with aa as ( select * from generate_series (1,8000000) a ) insert into test select aa.a, md5(aa.a::varchar) from aa;' INSERT 0 8000000 real 0m35.662s user 0m0.048s sys 0m0.004s postgres@hqdc034:~$ time psql -c 'select count(*) from test;' count ---------- 10000000 (1 row) real 0m5.259s user 0m0.024s sys 0m0.008s postgres@hqdc034:~$ ``` 做快照 ``` 2019-09-06 10:19:17 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs snapshot zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_10M_rows 2019-09-06 10:22:59 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs list -t snapshot NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zp/database@init_db_no_demo 250K - 231M - zp/database@demo_db_just_restore 138K - 2.08G - zp/database@demo_db_create_test_table_but_no_data 116K - 2.08G - zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_1M_rows 218K - 2.15G - zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_2M_rows 56.4M - 2.23G - zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_10M_rows 0 - 1.81G - 2019-09-06 10:23:02 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ ``` 接著來測試看看 clone snapshot,這是基本的說明 ``` Clones can only be created from a snapshot and a snapshot can not be deleted until you delete the clone that is based on this snapshot. To create a clone, use the zfs clone command. ``` clone 會做出一份跟clone來源一模一樣的資料,在快照模式下,資料是唯讀的,clone出來後,就可以做異動。但是不能刪除clone來源的快照,會提示錯誤。 ``` 2019-09-06 10:28:31 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs clone zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_10M_rows zp/database/clone_with_10M_rows 2019-09-06 10:29:21 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zp 3.08G 231G 22K /zp zp/database 3.08G 231G 1.88G /zp/database zp/database/clone_with_10M_rows 0 231G 1.81G /zp/database/clone_with_10M_rows 2019-09-06 10:29:26 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ ``` 可以看到做了clone之後,多了一個 zfs dataset 試試看把資料庫路徑直接改到這個新做的dataset 看看能不能啟動資料庫 修改 /etc/postgresql/10/main/postgresql.conf,然後重起postgresql ``` #data_directory = '/var/lib/postgresql/10/main' # use data in another directory #data_directory = '/zp/database/10/main' data_directory = '/zp/database/clone_with_10M_rows/10/main' ``` **啟動有比較久一點** 而且好像沒成功啟動 ``` 2019-09-06 10:32:27 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo service postgresql restart * Restarting PostgreSQL 10 database server [ OK ] 2019-09-06 10:33:37 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ 2019-09-06 10:33:37 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo netstat -antlp |grep 5432 ``` 而且在 syslog & postgresql log 中看不到什麼異常,怪了! 而且再啟動一次就好了? 再來測試一次看看 ``` 2019-09-06 10:37:22 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo service postgresql stop * Stopping PostgreSQL 10 database server [ OK ] 2019-09-06 10:38:03 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zp 3.24G 231G 22K /zp zp/database 3.24G 231G 1.88G /zp/database zp/database/clone_with_10M_rows 165M 231G 1.88G /zp/database/clone_with_10M_rows 2019-09-06 10:38:13 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs destroy zp/database/clone_with_10M_rows 2019-09-06 10:38:21 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs clone zp/database@demo_db_test_table_with_10M_rows zp/database/clone_with_10M_rows 2019-09-06 10:38:32 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zp 3.08G 231G 22K /zp zp/database 3.08G 231G 1.88G /zp/database zp/database/clone_with_10M_rows 0 231G 1.81G /zp/database/clone_with_10M_rows 2019-09-06 10:38:35 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo service postgresql start^C 2019-09-06 10:38:44 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zp 3.08G 231G 22K /zp zp/database 3.08G 231G 1.88G /zp/database zp/database/clone_with_10M_rows 0 231G 1.81G /zp/database/clone_with_10M_rows 2019-09-06 10:38:45 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ sudo service postgresql start * Starting PostgreSQL 10 database server [ OK ] 2019-09-06 10:39:04 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ netstat -antlp |grep 5432 (Not all processes could be identified, non-owned process info will not be shown, you would have to be root to see it all.) tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5432 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp6 0 0 :::5432 :::* LISTEN - 2019-09-06 10:39:13 [changch@hqdc034 ~]$ ``` 這次就沒問題?看來是我第一次下指令的時候,不該用sudo netstat -antlp 去檢查? anyway ,回到psql 來看看內容 ``` postgres@hqdc034:~$ time psql -c 'select count(*) from test;' count ---------- 10000000 (1 row) real 0m4.716s user 0m0.028s sys 0m0.004s postgres@hqdc034:~$ ``` Good ,clone 出來的果然是1000萬筆資料時的狀態 *** 這次測試就先到此為止,後面再來測試zfs的 replication and send/recv